.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 =============== Detailed Usages =============== DAMON provides below interfaces for different users. - *DAMON user space tool.* `This `_ is for privileged people such as system administrators who want a just-working human-friendly interface. Using this, users can use the DAMON’s major features in a human-friendly way. It may not be highly tuned for special cases, though. For more detail, please refer to its `usage document `_. - *sysfs interface.* :ref:`This ` is for privileged user space programmers who want more optimized use of DAMON. Using this, users can use DAMON’s major features by reading from and writing to special sysfs files. Therefore, you can write and use your personalized DAMON sysfs wrapper programs that reads/writes the sysfs files instead of you. The `DAMON user space tool `_ is one example of such programs. - *Kernel Space Programming Interface.* :doc:`This ` is for kernel space programmers. Using this, users can utilize every feature of DAMON most flexibly and efficiently by writing kernel space DAMON application programs for you. You can even extend DAMON for various address spaces. For detail, please refer to the interface :doc:`document `. - *debugfs interface. (DEPRECATED!)* :ref:`This ` is almost identical to :ref:`sysfs interface `. This is deprecated, so users should move to the :ref:`sysfs interface `. If you depend on this and cannot move, please report your usecase to damon@lists.linux.dev and linux-mm@kvack.org. .. _sysfs_interface: sysfs Interface =============== DAMON sysfs interface is built when ``CONFIG_DAMON_SYSFS`` is defined. It creates multiple directories and files under its sysfs directory, ``/kernel/mm/damon/``. You can control DAMON by writing to and reading from the files under the directory. For a short example, users can monitor the virtual address space of a given workload as below. :: # cd /sys/kernel/mm/damon/admin/ # echo 1 > kdamonds/nr_kdamonds && echo 1 > kdamonds/0/contexts/nr_contexts # echo vaddr > kdamonds/0/contexts/0/operations # echo 1 > kdamonds/0/contexts/0/targets/nr_targets # echo $(pidof ) > kdamonds/0/contexts/0/targets/0/pid_target # echo on > kdamonds/0/state Files Hierarchy --------------- The files hierarchy of DAMON sysfs interface is shown below. In the below figure, parents-children relations are represented with indentations, each directory is having ``/`` suffix, and files in each directory are separated by comma (","). .. parsed-literal:: :ref:`/sys/kernel/mm/damon `/admin │ :ref:`kdamonds `/nr_kdamonds │ │ :ref:`0 `/state,pid │ │ │ :ref:`contexts `/nr_contexts │ │ │ │ :ref:`0 `/avail_operations,operations │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`monitoring_attrs `/ │ │ │ │ │ │ intervals/sample_us,aggr_us,update_us │ │ │ │ │ │ nr_regions/min,max │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`targets `/nr_targets │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`0 `/pid_target │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`regions `/nr_regions │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`0 `/start,end │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ... │ │ │ │ │ │ ... │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`schemes `/nr_schemes │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`0 `/action,apply_interval_us │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`access_pattern `/ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ sz/min,max │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ nr_accesses/min,max │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ age/min,max │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`quotas `/ms,bytes,reset_interval_ms,effective_bytes │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ weights/sz_permil,nr_accesses_permil,age_permil │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`goals `/nr_goals │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0/target_metric,target_value,current_value │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`watermarks `/metric,interval_us,high,mid,low │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`filters `/nr_filters │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0/type,matching,memcg_id │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`stats `/nr_tried,sz_tried,nr_applied,sz_applied,qt_exceeds │ │ │ │ │ │ │ :ref:`tried_regions `/total_bytes │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0/start,end,nr_accesses,age │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ... │ │ │ │ │ │ ... │ │ │ │ ... │ │ ... .. _sysfs_root: Root ---- The root of the DAMON sysfs interface is ``/kernel/mm/damon/``, and it has one directory named ``admin``. The directory contains the files for privileged user space programs' control of DAMON. User space tools or daemons having the root permission could use this directory. .. _sysfs_kdamonds: kdamonds/ --------- Under the ``admin`` directory, one directory, ``kdamonds``, which has files for controlling the kdamonds (refer to :ref:`design ` for more details) exists. In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_kdamonds``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each kdamond. .. _sysfs_kdamond: kdamonds// ------------- In each kdamond directory, two files (``state`` and ``pid``) and one directory (``contexts``) exist. Reading ``state`` returns ``on`` if the kdamond is currently running, or ``off`` if it is not running. Users can write below commands for the kdamond to the ``state`` file. - ``on``: Start running. - ``off``: Stop running. - ``commit``: Read the user inputs in the sysfs files except ``state`` file again. - ``commit_schemes_quota_goals``: Read the DAMON-based operation schemes' :ref:`quota goals `. - ``update_schemes_stats``: Update the contents of stats files for each DAMON-based operation scheme of the kdamond. For details of the stats, please refer to :ref:`stats section `. - ``update_schemes_tried_regions``: Update the DAMON-based operation scheme action tried regions directory for each DAMON-based operation scheme of the kdamond. For details of the DAMON-based operation scheme action tried regions directory, please refer to :ref:`tried_regions section `. - ``update_schemes_tried_bytes``: Update only ``.../tried_regions/total_bytes`` files. - ``clear_schemes_tried_regions``: Clear the DAMON-based operating scheme action tried regions directory for each DAMON-based operation scheme of the kdamond. - ``update_schemes_effective_bytes``: Update the contents of ``effective_bytes`` files for each DAMON-based operation scheme of the kdamond. For more details, refer to :ref:`quotas directory `. If the state is ``on``, reading ``pid`` shows the pid of the kdamond thread. ``contexts`` directory contains files for controlling the monitoring contexts that this kdamond will execute. .. _sysfs_contexts: kdamonds//contexts/ ---------------------- In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_contexts``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named as ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each monitoring context (refer to :ref:`design ` for more details). At the moment, only one context per kdamond is supported, so only ``0`` or ``1`` can be written to the file. .. _sysfs_context: contexts// ------------- In each context directory, two files (``avail_operations`` and ``operations``) and three directories (``monitoring_attrs``, ``targets``, and ``schemes``) exist. DAMON supports multiple types of :ref:`monitoring operations `, including those for virtual address space and the physical address space. You can get the list of available monitoring operations set on the currently running kernel by reading ``avail_operations`` file. Based on the kernel configuration, the file will list different available operation sets. Please refer to the :ref:`design ` for the list of all available operation sets and their brief explanations. You can set and get what type of monitoring operations DAMON will use for the context by writing one of the keywords listed in ``avail_operations`` file and reading from the ``operations`` file. .. _sysfs_monitoring_attrs: contexts//monitoring_attrs/ ------------------------------ Files for specifying attributes of the monitoring including required quality and efficiency of the monitoring are in ``monitoring_attrs`` directory. Specifically, two directories, ``intervals`` and ``nr_regions`` exist in this directory. Under ``intervals`` directory, three files for DAMON's sampling interval (``sample_us``), aggregation interval (``aggr_us``), and update interval (``update_us``) exist. You can set and get the values in micro-seconds by writing to and reading from the files. Under ``nr_regions`` directory, two files for the lower-bound and upper-bound of DAMON's monitoring regions (``min`` and ``max``, respectively), which controls the monitoring overhead, exist. You can set and get the values by writing to and rading from the files. For more details about the intervals and monitoring regions range, please refer to the Design document (:doc:`/mm/damon/design`). .. _sysfs_targets: contexts//targets/ --------------------- In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_targets``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each monitoring target. .. _sysfs_target: targets// ------------ In each target directory, one file (``pid_target``) and one directory (``regions``) exist. If you wrote ``vaddr`` to the ``contexts//operations``, each target should be a process. You can specify the process to DAMON by writing the pid of the process to the ``pid_target`` file. .. _sysfs_regions: targets//regions ------------------- In case of ``fvaddr`` or ``paddr`` monitoring operations sets, users are required to set the monitoring target address ranges. In case of ``vaddr`` operations set, it is not mandatory, but users can optionally set the initial monitoring region to specific address ranges. Please refer to the :ref:`design ` for more details. For such cases, users can explicitly set the initial monitoring target regions as they want, by writing proper values to the files under this directory. In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_regions``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each initial monitoring target region. .. _sysfs_region: regions// ------------ In each region directory, you will find two files (``start`` and ``end``). You can set and get the start and end addresses of the initial monitoring target region by writing to and reading from the files, respectively. Each region should not overlap with others. ``end`` of directory ``N`` should be equal or smaller than ``start`` of directory ``N+1``. .. _sysfs_schemes: contexts//schemes/ --------------------- The directory for DAMON-based Operation Schemes (:ref:`DAMOS `). Users can get and set the schemes by reading from and writing to files under this directory. In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_schemes``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each DAMON-based operation scheme. .. _sysfs_scheme: schemes// ------------ In each scheme directory, five directories (``access_pattern``, ``quotas``, ``watermarks``, ``filters``, ``stats``, and ``tried_regions``) and two files (``action`` and ``apply_interval``) exist. The ``action`` file is for setting and getting the scheme's :ref:`action `. The keywords that can be written to and read from the file and their meaning are same to those of the list on :ref:`design doc `. The ``apply_interval_us`` file is for setting and getting the scheme's :ref:`apply_interval ` in microseconds. .. _sysfs_access_pattern: schemes//access_pattern/ --------------------------- The directory for the target access :ref:`pattern ` of the given DAMON-based operation scheme. Under the ``access_pattern`` directory, three directories (``sz``, ``nr_accesses``, and ``age``) each having two files (``min`` and ``max``) exist. You can set and get the access pattern for the given scheme by writing to and reading from the ``min`` and ``max`` files under ``sz``, ``nr_accesses``, and ``age`` directories, respectively. Note that the ``min`` and the ``max`` form a closed interval. .. _sysfs_quotas: schemes//quotas/ ------------------- The directory for the :ref:`quotas ` of the given DAMON-based operation scheme. Under ``quotas`` directory, four files (``ms``, ``bytes``, ``reset_interval_ms``, ``effective_bytes``) and two directores (``weights`` and ``goals``) exist. You can set the ``time quota`` in milliseconds, ``size quota`` in bytes, and ``reset interval`` in milliseconds by writing the values to the three files, respectively. Then, DAMON tries to use only up to ``time quota`` milliseconds for applying the ``action`` to memory regions of the ``access_pattern``, and to apply the action to only up to ``bytes`` bytes of memory regions within the ``reset_interval_ms``. Setting both ``ms`` and ``bytes`` zero disables the quota limits unless at least one :ref:`goal ` is set. The time quota is internally transformed to a size quota. Between the transformed size quota and user-specified size quota, smaller one is applied. Based on the user-specified :ref:`goal `, the effective size quota is further adjusted. Reading ``effective_bytes`` returns the current effective size quota. The file is not updated in real time, so users should ask DAMON sysfs interface to update the content of the file for the stats by writing a special keyword, ``update_schemes_effective_bytes`` to the relevant ``kdamonds//state`` file. Under ``weights`` directory, three files (``sz_permil``, ``nr_accesses_permil``, and ``age_permil``) exist. You can set the :ref:`prioritization weights ` for size, access frequency, and age in per-thousand unit by writing the values to the three files under the ``weights`` directory. .. _sysfs_schemes_quota_goals: schemes//quotas/goals/ ------------------------- The directory for the :ref:`automatic quota tuning goals ` of the given DAMON-based operation scheme. In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_goals``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each goal and current achievement. Among the multiple feedback, the best one is used. Each goal directory contains three files, namely ``target_metric``, ``target_value`` and ``current_value``. Users can set and get the three parameters for the quota auto-tuning goals that specified on the :ref:`design doc ` by writing to and reading from each of the files. Note that users should further write ``commit_schemes_quota_goals`` to the ``state`` file of the :ref:`kdamond directory ` to pass the feedback to DAMON. .. _sysfs_watermarks: schemes//watermarks/ ----------------------- The directory for the :ref:`watermarks ` of the given DAMON-based operation scheme. Under the watermarks directory, five files (``metric``, ``interval_us``, ``high``, ``mid``, and ``low``) for setting the metric, the time interval between check of the metric, and the three watermarks exist. You can set and get the five values by writing to the files, respectively. Keywords and meanings of those that can be written to the ``metric`` file are as below. - none: Ignore the watermarks - free_mem_rate: System's free memory rate (per thousand) The ``interval`` should written in microseconds unit. .. _sysfs_filters: schemes//filters/ -------------------- The directory for the :ref:`filters ` of the given DAMON-based operation scheme. In the beginning, this directory has only one file, ``nr_filters``. Writing a number (``N``) to the file creates the number of child directories named ``0`` to ``N-1``. Each directory represents each filter. The filters are evaluated in the numeric order. Each filter directory contains six files, namely ``type``, ``matcing``, ``memcg_path``, ``addr_start``, ``addr_end``, and ``target_idx``. To ``type`` file, you can write one of four special keywords: ``anon`` for anonymous pages, ``memcg`` for specific memory cgroup, ``addr`` for specific address range (an open-ended interval), or ``target`` for specific DAMON monitoring target filtering. In case of the memory cgroup filtering, you can specify the memory cgroup of the interest by writing the path of the memory cgroup from the cgroups mount point to ``memcg_path`` file. In case of the address range filtering, you can specify the start and end address of the range to ``addr_start`` and ``addr_end`` files, respectively. For the DAMON monitoring target filtering, you can specify the index of the target between the list of the DAMON context's monitoring targets list to ``target_idx`` file. You can write ``Y`` or ``N`` to ``matching`` file to filter out pages that does or does not match to the type, respectively. Then, the scheme's action will not be applied to the pages that specified to be filtered out. For example, below restricts a DAMOS action to be applied to only non-anonymous pages of all memory cgroups except ``/having_care_already``.:: # echo 2 > nr_filters # # filter out anonymous pages echo anon > 0/type echo Y > 0/matching # # further filter out all cgroups except one at '/having_care_already' echo memcg > 1/type echo /having_care_already > 1/memcg_path echo N > 1/matching Note that ``anon`` and ``memcg`` filters are currently supported only when ``paddr`` :ref:`implementation ` is being used. Also, memory regions that are filtered out by ``addr`` or ``target`` filters are not counted as the scheme has tried to those, while regions that filtered out by other type filters are counted as the scheme has tried to. The difference is applied to :ref:`stats ` and :ref:`tried regions `. .. _sysfs_schemes_stats: schemes//stats/ ------------------ DAMON counts the total number and bytes of regions that each scheme is tried to be applied, the two numbers for the regions that each scheme is successfully applied, and the total number of the quota limit exceeds. This statistics can be used for online analysis or tuning of the schemes. The statistics can be retrieved by reading the files under ``stats`` directory (``nr_tried``, ``sz_tried``, ``nr_applied``, ``sz_applied``, and ``qt_exceeds``), respectively. The files are not updated in real time, so you should ask DAMON sysfs interface to update the content of the files for the stats by writing a special keyword, ``update_schemes_stats`` to the relevant ``kdamonds//state`` file. .. _sysfs_schemes_tried_regions: schemes//tried_regions/ -------------------------- This directory initially has one file, ``total_bytes``. When a special keyword, ``update_schemes_tried_regions``, is written to the relevant ``kdamonds//state`` file, DAMON updates the ``total_bytes`` file so that reading it returns the total size of the scheme tried regions, and creates directories named integer starting from ``0`` under this directory. Each directory contains files exposing detailed information about each of the memory region that the corresponding scheme's ``action`` has tried to be applied under this directory, during next :ref:`apply interval ` of the corresponding scheme. The information includes address range, ``nr_accesses``, and ``age`` of the region. Writing ``update_schemes_tried_bytes`` to the relevant ``kdamonds//state`` file will only update the ``total_bytes`` file, and will not create the subdirectories. The directories will be removed when another special keyword, ``clear_schemes_tried_regions``, is written to the relevant ``kdamonds//state`` file. The expected usage of this directory is investigations of schemes' behaviors, and query-like efficient data access monitoring results retrievals. For the latter use case, in particular, users can set the ``action`` as ``stat`` and set the ``access pattern`` as their interested pattern that they want to query. .. _sysfs_schemes_tried_region: tried_regions// ------------------ In each region directory, you will find four files (``start``, ``end``, ``nr_accesses``, and ``age``). Reading the files will show the start and end addresses, ``nr_accesses``, and ``age`` of the region that corresponding DAMON-based operation scheme ``action`` has tried to be applied. Example ~~~~~~~ Below commands applies a scheme saying "If a memory region of size in [4KiB, 8KiB] is showing accesses per aggregate interval in [0, 5] for aggregate interval in [10, 20], page out the region. For the paging out, use only up to 10ms per second, and also don't page out more than 1GiB per second. Under the limitation, page out memory regions having longer age first. Also, check the free memory rate of the system every 5 seconds, start the monitoring and paging out when the free memory rate becomes lower than 50%, but stop it if the free memory rate becomes larger than 60%, or lower than 30%". :: # cd /kernel/mm/damon/admin # # populate directories # echo 1 > kdamonds/nr_kdamonds; echo 1 > kdamonds/0/contexts/nr_contexts; # echo 1 > kdamonds/0/contexts/0/schemes/nr_schemes # cd kdamonds/0/contexts/0/schemes/0 # # set the basic access pattern and the action # echo 4096 > access_pattern/sz/min # echo 8192 > access_pattern/sz/max # echo 0 > access_pattern/nr_accesses/min # echo 5 > access_pattern/nr_accesses/max # echo 10 > access_pattern/age/min # echo 20 > access_pattern/age/max # echo pageout > action # # set quotas # echo 10 > quotas/ms # echo $((1024*1024*1024)) > quotas/bytes # echo 1000 > quotas/reset_interval_ms # # set watermark # echo free_mem_rate > watermarks/metric # echo 5000000 > watermarks/interval_us # echo 600 > watermarks/high # echo 500 > watermarks/mid # echo 300 > watermarks/low Please note that it's highly recommended to use user space tools like `damo `_ rather than manually reading and writing the files as above. Above is only for an example. .. _tracepoint: Tracepoints for Monitoring Results ================================== Users can get the monitoring results via the :ref:`tried_regions `. The interface is useful for getting a snapshot, but it could be inefficient for fully recording all the monitoring results. For the purpose, two trace points, namely ``damon:damon_aggregated`` and ``damon:damos_before_apply``, are provided. ``damon:damon_aggregated`` provides the whole monitoring results, while ``damon:damos_before_apply`` provides the monitoring results for regions that each DAMON-based Operation Scheme (:ref:`DAMOS `) is gonna be applied. Hence, ``damon:damos_before_apply`` is more useful for recording internal behavior of DAMOS, or DAMOS target access :ref:`pattern ` based query-like efficient monitoring results recording. While the monitoring is turned on, you could record the tracepoint events and show results using tracepoint supporting tools like ``perf``. For example:: # echo on > kdamonds/0/state # perf record -e damon:damon_aggregated & # sleep 5 # kill 9 $(pidof perf) # echo off > kdamonds/0/state # perf script kdamond.0 46568 [027] 79357.842179: damon:damon_aggregated: target_id=0 nr_regions=11 122509119488-135708762112: 0 864 [...] Each line of the perf script output represents each monitoring region. The first five fields are as usual other tracepoint outputs. The sixth field (``target_id=X``) shows the ide of the monitoring target of the region. The seventh field (``nr_regions=X``) shows the total number of monitoring regions for the target. The eighth field (``X-Y:``) shows the start (``X``) and end (``Y``) addresses of the region in bytes. The ninth field (``X``) shows the ``nr_accesses`` of the region (refer to :ref:`design ` for more details of the counter). Finally the tenth field (``X``) shows the ``age`` of the region (refer to :ref:`design ` for more details of the counter). If the event was ``damon:damos_beofre_apply``, the ``perf script`` output would be somewhat like below:: kdamond.0 47293 [000] 80801.060214: damon:damos_before_apply: ctx_idx=0 scheme_idx=0 target_idx=0 nr_regions=11 121932607488-135128711168: 0 136 [...] Each line of the output represents each monitoring region that each DAMON-based Operation Scheme was about to be applied at the traced time. The first five fields are as usual. It shows the index of the DAMON context (``ctx_idx=X``) of the scheme in the list of the contexts of the context's kdamond, the index of the scheme (``scheme_idx=X``) in the list of the schemes of the context, in addition to the output of ``damon_aggregated`` tracepoint. .. _debugfs_interface: debugfs Interface (DEPRECATED!) =============================== .. note:: THIS IS DEPRECATED! DAMON debugfs interface is deprecated, so users should move to the :ref:`sysfs interface `. If you depend on this and cannot move, please report your usecase to damon@lists.linux.dev and linux-mm@kvack.org. DAMON exports nine files, ``DEPRECATED``, ``attrs``, ``target_ids``, ``init_regions``, ``schemes``, ``monitor_on_DEPRECATED``, ``kdamond_pid``, ``mk_contexts`` and ``rm_contexts`` under its debugfs directory, ``/damon/``. ``DEPRECATED`` is a read-only file for the DAMON debugfs interface deprecation notice. Reading it returns the deprecation notice, as below:: # cat DEPRECATED DAMON debugfs interface is deprecated, so users should move to DAMON_SYSFS. If you cannot, please report your usecase to damon@lists.linux.dev and linux-mm@kvack.org. Attributes ---------- Users can get and set the ``sampling interval``, ``aggregation interval``, ``update interval``, and min/max number of monitoring target regions by reading from and writing to the ``attrs`` file. To know about the monitoring attributes in detail, please refer to the :doc:`/mm/damon/design`. For example, below commands set those values to 5 ms, 100 ms, 1,000 ms, 10 and 1000, and then check it again:: # cd /damon # echo 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000 > attrs # cat attrs 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000 Target IDs ---------- Some types of address spaces supports multiple monitoring target. For example, the virtual memory address spaces monitoring can have multiple processes as the monitoring targets. Users can set the targets by writing relevant id values of the targets to, and get the ids of the current targets by reading from the ``target_ids`` file. In case of the virtual address spaces monitoring, the values should be pids of the monitoring target processes. For example, below commands set processes having pids 42 and 4242 as the monitoring targets and check it again:: # cd /damon # echo 42 4242 > target_ids # cat target_ids 42 4242 Users can also monitor the physical memory address space of the system by writing a special keyword, "``paddr\n``" to the file. Because physical address space monitoring doesn't support multiple targets, reading the file will show a fake value, ``42``, as below:: # cd /damon # echo paddr > target_ids # cat target_ids 42 Note that setting the target ids doesn't start the monitoring. Initial Monitoring Target Regions --------------------------------- In case of the virtual address space monitoring, DAMON automatically sets and updates the monitoring target regions so that entire memory mappings of target processes can be covered. However, users can want to limit the monitoring region to specific address ranges, such as the heap, the stack, or specific file-mapped area. Or, some users can know the initial access pattern of their workloads and therefore want to set optimal initial regions for the 'adaptive regions adjustment'. In contrast, DAMON do not automatically sets and updates the monitoring target regions in case of physical memory monitoring. Therefore, users should set the monitoring target regions by themselves. In such cases, users can explicitly set the initial monitoring target regions as they want, by writing proper values to the ``init_regions`` file. The input should be a sequence of three integers separated by white spaces that represent one region in below form.:: The ``target idx`` should be the index of the target in ``target_ids`` file, starting from ``0``, and the regions should be passed in address order. For example, below commands will set a couple of address ranges, ``1-100`` and ``100-200`` as the initial monitoring target region of pid 42, which is the first one (index ``0``) in ``target_ids``, and another couple of address ranges, ``20-40`` and ``50-100`` as that of pid 4242, which is the second one (index ``1``) in ``target_ids``.:: # cd /damon # cat target_ids 42 4242 # echo "0 1 100 \ 0 100 200 \ 1 20 40 \ 1 50 100" > init_regions Note that this sets the initial monitoring target regions only. In case of virtual memory monitoring, DAMON will automatically updates the boundary of the regions after one ``update interval``. Therefore, users should set the ``update interval`` large enough in this case, if they don't want the update. Schemes ------- Users can get and set the DAMON-based operation :ref:`schemes ` by reading from and writing to ``schemes`` debugfs file. Reading the file also shows the statistics of each scheme. To the file, each of the schemes should be represented in each line in below form:: You can disable schemes by simply writing an empty string to the file. Target Access Pattern ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The target access :ref:`pattern ` of the scheme. The ```` is constructed with three ranges in below form:: min-size max-size min-acc max-acc min-age max-age Specifically, bytes for the size of regions (``min-size`` and ``max-size``), number of monitored accesses per aggregate interval for access frequency (``min-acc`` and ``max-acc``), number of aggregate intervals for the age of regions (``min-age`` and ``max-age``) are specified. Note that the ranges are closed interval. Action ~~~~~~ The ```` is a predefined integer for memory management :ref:`actions `. The mapping between the ```` values and the memory management actions is as below. For the detailed meaning of the action and DAMON operations set supporting each action, please refer to the list on :ref:`design doc `. - 0: ``willneed`` - 1: ``cold`` - 2: ``pageout`` - 3: ``hugepage`` - 4: ``nohugepage`` - 5: ``stat`` Quota ~~~~~ Users can set the :ref:`quotas ` of the given scheme via the ```` in below form:: This makes DAMON to try to use only up to ```` milliseconds for applying the action to memory regions of the ``target access pattern`` within the ```` milliseconds, and to apply the action to only up to ```` bytes of memory regions within the ````. Setting both ```` and ```` zero disables the quota limits. For the :ref:`prioritization `, users can set the weights for the three properties in ```` in below form:: Watermarks ~~~~~~~~~~ Users can specify :ref:`watermarks ` of the given scheme via ```` in below form:: ```` is a predefined integer for the metric to be checked. The supported numbers and their meanings are as below. - 0: Ignore the watermarks - 1: System's free memory rate (per thousand) The value of the metric is checked every ```` microseconds. If the value is higher than ```` or lower than ````, the scheme is deactivated. If the value is lower than ````, the scheme is activated. .. _damos_stats: Statistics ~~~~~~~~~~ It also counts the total number and bytes of regions that each scheme is tried to be applied, the two numbers for the regions that each scheme is successfully applied, and the total number of the quota limit exceeds. This statistics can be used for online analysis or tuning of the schemes. The statistics can be shown by reading the ``schemes`` file. Reading the file will show each scheme you entered in each line, and the five numbers for the statistics will be added at the end of each line. Example ~~~~~~~ Below commands applies a scheme saying "If a memory region of size in [4KiB, 8KiB] is showing accesses per aggregate interval in [0, 5] for aggregate interval in [10, 20], page out the region. For the paging out, use only up to 10ms per second, and also don't page out more than 1GiB per second. Under the limitation, page out memory regions having longer age first. Also, check the free memory rate of the system every 5 seconds, start the monitoring and paging out when the free memory rate becomes lower than 50%, but stop it if the free memory rate becomes larger than 60%, or lower than 30%".:: # cd /damon # scheme="4096 8192 0 5 10 20 2" # target access pattern and action # scheme+=" 10 $((1024*1024*1024)) 1000" # quotas # scheme+=" 0 0 100" # prioritization weights # scheme+=" 1 5000000 600 500 300" # watermarks # echo "$scheme" > schemes Turning On/Off -------------- Setting the files as described above doesn't incur effect unless you explicitly start the monitoring. You can start, stop, and check the current status of the monitoring by writing to and reading from the ``monitor_on_DEPRECATED`` file. Writing ``on`` to the file starts the monitoring of the targets with the attributes. Writing ``off`` to the file stops those. DAMON also stops if every target process is terminated. Below example commands turn on, off, and check the status of DAMON:: # cd /damon # echo on > monitor_on_DEPRECATED # echo off > monitor_on_DEPRECATED # cat monitor_on_DEPRECATED off Please note that you cannot write to the above-mentioned debugfs files while the monitoring is turned on. If you write to the files while DAMON is running, an error code such as ``-EBUSY`` will be returned. Monitoring Thread PID --------------------- DAMON does requested monitoring with a kernel thread called ``kdamond``. You can get the pid of the thread by reading the ``kdamond_pid`` file. When the monitoring is turned off, reading the file returns ``none``. :: # cd /damon # cat monitor_on_DEPRECATED off # cat kdamond_pid none # echo on > monitor_on_DEPRECATED # cat kdamond_pid 18594 Using Multiple Monitoring Threads --------------------------------- One ``kdamond`` thread is created for each monitoring context. You can create and remove monitoring contexts for multiple ``kdamond`` required use case using the ``mk_contexts`` and ``rm_contexts`` files. Writing the name of the new context to the ``mk_contexts`` file creates a directory of the name on the DAMON debugfs directory. The directory will have DAMON debugfs files for the context. :: # cd /damon # ls foo # ls: cannot access 'foo': No such file or directory # echo foo > mk_contexts # ls foo # attrs init_regions kdamond_pid schemes target_ids If the context is not needed anymore, you can remove it and the corresponding directory by putting the name of the context to the ``rm_contexts`` file. :: # echo foo > rm_contexts # ls foo # ls: cannot access 'foo': No such file or directory Note that ``mk_contexts``, ``rm_contexts``, and ``monitor_on_DEPRECATED`` files are in the root directory only.