Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/

Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>

Copyright (c) 2009, Shen Feng<shen@cn.fujitsu.com>

For general info and legal blurb, please look in Documentation for /proc/sys.

This file contains documentation for the sysctl files in /proc/sys/kernel/.

The files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files can be used to screw up your system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source before actually making adjustments.

Currently, these files might (depending on your configuration) show up in /proc/sys/kernel:

acct

highwater lowwater frequency

If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives goes below lowwater% accounting suspends. If free space gets above highwater% accounting resumes. frequency determines how often do we check the amount of free space (value is in seconds). Default:

4 2 30

That is, suspend accounting if free space drops below 2%; resume it if it increases to at least 4%; consider information about amount of free space valid for 30 seconds.

acpi_video_flags

See Video issues with S3 resume. This allows the video resume mode to be set, in a similar fashion to the acpi_sleep kernel parameter, by combining the following values:

1

s3_bios

2

s3_mode

4

s3_beep

arch

The machine hardware name, the same output as uname -m (e.g. x86_64 or aarch64).

auto_msgmni

This variable has no effect and may be removed in future kernel releases. Reading it always returns 0. Up to Linux 3.17, it enabled/disabled automatic recomputing of msgmni upon memory add/remove or upon IPC namespace creation/removal. Echoing “1” into this file enabled msgmni automatic recomputing. Echoing “0” turned it off. The default value was 1.

bootloader_type (x86 only)

This gives the bootloader type number as indicated by the bootloader, shifted left by 4, and OR’d with the low four bits of the bootloader version. The reason for this encoding is that this used to match the type_of_loader field in the kernel header; the encoding is kept for backwards compatibility. That is, if the full bootloader type number is 0x15 and the full version number is 0x234, this file will contain the value 340 = 0x154.

See the type_of_loader and ext_loader_type fields in The Linux/x86 Boot Protocol for additional information.

bootloader_version (x86 only)

The complete bootloader version number. In the example above, this file will contain the value 564 = 0x234.

See the type_of_loader and ext_loader_ver fields in The Linux/x86 Boot Protocol for additional information.

bpf_stats_enabled

Controls whether the kernel should collect statistics on BPF programs (total time spent running, number of times run...). Enabling statistics causes a slight reduction in performance on each program run. The statistics can be seen using bpftool.

0

Don’t collect statistics (default).

1

Collect statistics.

cad_pid

This is the pid which will be signalled on reboot (notably, by Ctrl-Alt-Delete). Writing a value to this file which doesn’t correspond to a running process will result in -ESRCH.

See also ctrl-alt-del.

cap_last_cap

Highest valid capability of the running kernel. Exports CAP_LAST_CAP from the kernel.

core_pattern

core_pattern is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name.

  • max length 127 characters; default value is “core”

  • core_pattern is used as a pattern template for the output filename; certain string patterns (beginning with ‘%’) are substituted with their actual values.

  • backward compatibility with core_uses_pid:

    If core_pattern does not include “%p” (default does not) and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to the filename.

  • corename format specifiers

    %<NUL>

    ‘%’ is dropped

    %%

    output one ‘%’

    %p

    pid

    %P

    global pid (init PID namespace)

    %i

    tid

    %I

    global tid (init PID namespace)

    %u

    uid (in initial user namespace)

    %g

    gid (in initial user namespace)

    %d

    dump mode, matches PR_SET_DUMPABLE and /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable

    %s

    signal number

    %t

    UNIX time of dump

    %h

    hostname

    %e

    executable filename (may be shortened, could be changed by prctl etc)

    %f

    executable filename

    %E

    executable path

    %c

    maximum size of core file by resource limit RLIMIT_CORE

    %C

    CPU the task ran on

    %<OTHER>

    both are dropped

  • If the first character of the pattern is a ‘|’, the kernel will treat the rest of the pattern as a command to run. The core dump will be written to the standard input of that program instead of to a file.

core_pipe_limit

This sysctl is only applicable when core_pattern is configured to pipe core files to a user space helper (when the first character of core_pattern is a ‘|’, see above). When collecting cores via a pipe to an application, it is occasionally useful for the collecting application to gather data about the crashing process from its /proc/pid directory. In order to do this safely, the kernel must wait for the collecting process to exit, so as not to remove the crashing processes proc files prematurely. This in turn creates the possibility that a misbehaving userspace collecting process can block the reaping of a crashed process simply by never exiting. This sysctl defends against that. It defines how many concurrent crashing processes may be piped to user space applications in parallel. If this value is exceeded, then those crashing processes above that value are noted via the kernel log and their cores are skipped. 0 is a special value, indicating that unlimited processes may be captured in parallel, but that no waiting will take place (i.e. the collecting process is not guaranteed access to /proc/<crashing pid>/). This value defaults to 0.

core_uses_pid

The default coredump filename is “core”. By setting core_uses_pid to 1, the coredump filename becomes core.PID. If core_pattern does not include “%p” (default does not) and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to the filename.

ctrl-alt-del

When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and sent to the init(1) program to handle a graceful restart. When, however, the value is > 0, Linux’s reaction to a Vulcan Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even syncing its dirty buffers.

Note:

when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in ‘raw’ mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it’s up to the program to decide what to do with it.

dmesg_restrict

This toggle indicates whether unprivileged users are prevented from using dmesg(8) to view messages from the kernel’s log buffer. When dmesg_restrict is set to 0 there are no restrictions. When dmesg_restrict is set to 1, users must have CAP_SYSLOG to use dmesg(8).

The kernel config option CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT sets the default value of dmesg_restrict.

domainname & hostname

These files can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands domainname and hostname, i.e.:

# echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
# echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname

has the same effect as:

# hostname "darkstar"
# domainname "mydomain"

Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the hostname “darkstar” and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server) domainname “frop.org”, not to be confused with the NIS (Network Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion see the hostname(1) man page.

firmware_config

See Fallback mechanisms.

The entries in this directory allow the firmware loader helper fallback to be controlled:

  • force_sysfs_fallback, when set to 1, forces the use of the fallback;

  • ignore_sysfs_fallback, when set to 1, ignores any fallback.

ftrace_dump_on_oops

Determines whether ftrace_dump() should be called on an oops (or kernel panic). This will output the contents of the ftrace buffers to the console. This is very useful for capturing traces that lead to crashes and outputting them to a serial console.

0

Disabled (default).

1

Dump buffers of all CPUs.

2(orig_cpu)

Dump the buffer of the CPU that triggered the oops.

<instance>

Dump the specific instance buffer on all CPUs.

<instance>=2(orig_cpu)

Dump the specific instance buffer on the CPU that triggered the oops.

Multiple instance dump is also supported, and instances are separated by commas. If global buffer also needs to be dumped, please specify the dump mode (1/2/orig_cpu) first for global buffer.

So for example to dump “foo” and “bar” instance buffer on all CPUs, user can:

echo "foo,bar" > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_dump_on_oops

To dump global buffer and “foo” instance buffer on all CPUs along with the “bar” instance buffer on CPU that triggered the oops, user can:

echo "1,foo,bar=2" > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_dump_on_oops

ftrace_enabled, stack_tracer_enabled

See ftrace - Function Tracer.

hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace

This value controls the hard lockup detector behavior when a hard lockup condition is detected as to whether or not to gather further debug information. If enabled, arch-specific all-CPU stack dumping will be initiated.

0

Do nothing. This is the default behavior.

1

On detection capture more debug information.

hardlockup_panic

This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics when a hard lockup is detected.

0

Don’t panic on hard lockup.

1

Panic on hard lockup.

See Softlockup detector and hardlockup detector (aka nmi_watchdog) for more information. This can also be set using the nmi_watchdog kernel parameter.

hotplug

Path for the hotplug policy agent. Default value is CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH, which in turn defaults to the empty string.

This file only exists when CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER is enabled. Most modern systems rely exclusively on the netlink-based uevent source and don’t need this.

hung_task_all_cpu_backtrace

If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump their backtraces when a hung task is detected. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK and CONFIG_SMP are enabled.

0: Won’t show all CPUs backtraces when a hung task is detected. This is the default behavior.

1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when a hung task is detected.

hung_task_panic

Controls the kernel’s behavior when a hung task is detected. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK is enabled.

0

Continue operation. This is the default behavior.

1

Panic immediately.

hung_task_check_count

The upper bound on the number of tasks that are checked. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK is enabled.

hung_task_timeout_secs

When a task in D state did not get scheduled for more than this value report a warning. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK is enabled.

0 means infinite timeout, no checking is done.

Possible values to set are in range {0:LONG_MAX/HZ}.

hung_task_check_interval_secs

Hung task check interval. If hung task checking is enabled (see hung_task_timeout_secs), the check is done every hung_task_check_interval_secs seconds. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK is enabled.

0 (default) means use hung_task_timeout_secs as checking interval.

Possible values to set are in range {0:LONG_MAX/HZ}.

hung_task_warnings

The maximum number of warnings to report. During a check interval if a hung task is detected, this value is decreased by 1. When this value reaches 0, no more warnings will be reported. This file shows up if CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK is enabled.

-1: report an infinite number of warnings.

hyperv_record_panic_msg

Controls whether the panic kmsg data should be reported to Hyper-V.

0

Do not report panic kmsg data.

1

Report the panic kmsg data. This is the default behavior.

ignore-unaligned-usertrap

On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this feature is supported (CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_NO_WARN; currently, arc, parisc and loongarch), controls whether all unaligned traps are logged.

0

Log all unaligned accesses.

1

Only warn the first time a process traps. This is the default setting.

See also unaligned-trap.

io_uring_disabled

Prevents all processes from creating new io_uring instances. Enabling this shrinks the kernel’s attack surface.

0

All processes can create io_uring instances as normal. This is the default setting.

1

io_uring creation is disabled (io_uring_setup() will fail with -EPERM) for unprivileged processes not in the io_uring_group group. Existing io_uring instances can still be used. See the documentation for io_uring_group for more information.

2

io_uring creation is disabled for all processes. io_uring_setup() always fails with -EPERM. Existing io_uring instances can still be used.

io_uring_group

When io_uring_disabled is set to 1, a process must either be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) or be in the io_uring_group group in order to create an io_uring instance. If io_uring_group is set to -1 (the default), only processes with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability may create io_uring instances.

kexec_load_disabled

A toggle indicating if the syscalls kexec_load and kexec_file_load have been disabled. This value defaults to 0 (false: kexec_*load enabled), but can be set to 1 (true: kexec_*load disabled). Once true, kexec can no longer be used, and the toggle cannot be set back to false. This allows a kexec image to be loaded before disabling the syscall, allowing a system to set up (and later use) an image without it being altered. Generally used together with the modules_disabled sysctl.

kexec_load_limit_panic

This parameter specifies a limit to the number of times the syscalls kexec_load and kexec_file_load can be called with a crash image. It can only be set with a more restrictive value than the current one.

-1

Unlimited calls to kexec. This is the default setting.

N

Number of calls left.

kexec_load_limit_reboot

Similar functionality as kexec_load_limit_panic, but for a normal image.

kptr_restrict

This toggle indicates whether restrictions are placed on exposing kernel addresses via /proc and other interfaces.

When kptr_restrict is set to 0 (the default) the address is hashed before printing. (This is the equivalent to %p.)

When kptr_restrict is set to 1, kernel pointers printed using the %pK format specifier will be replaced with 0s unless the user has CAP_SYSLOG and effective user and group ids are equal to the real ids. This is because %pK checks are done at read() time rather than open() time, so if permissions are elevated between the open() and the read() (e.g via a setuid binary) then %pK will not leak kernel pointers to unprivileged users. Note, this is a temporary solution only. The correct long-term solution is to do the permission checks at open() time. Consider removing world read permissions from files that use %pK, and using dmesg_restrict to protect against uses of %pK in dmesg(8) if leaking kernel pointer values to unprivileged users is a concern.

When kptr_restrict is set to 2, kernel pointers printed using %pK will be replaced with 0s regardless of privileges.

modprobe

The full path to the usermode helper for autoloading kernel modules, by default CONFIG_MODPROBE_PATH, which in turn defaults to “/sbin/modprobe”. This binary is executed when the kernel requests a module. For example, if userspace passes an unknown filesystem type to mount(), then the kernel will automatically request the corresponding filesystem module by executing this usermode helper. This usermode helper should insert the needed module into the kernel.

This sysctl only affects module autoloading. It has no effect on the ability to explicitly insert modules.

This sysctl can be used to debug module loading requests:

echo '#! /bin/sh' > /tmp/modprobe
echo 'echo "$@" >> /tmp/modprobe.log' >> /tmp/modprobe
echo 'exec /sbin/modprobe "$@"' >> /tmp/modprobe
chmod a+x /tmp/modprobe
echo /tmp/modprobe > /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe

Alternatively, if this sysctl is set to the empty string, then module autoloading is completely disabled. The kernel will not try to execute a usermode helper at all, nor will it call the kernel_module_request LSM hook.

If CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER=y is set in the kernel configuration, then the configured static usermode helper overrides this sysctl, except that the empty string is still accepted to completely disable module autoloading as described above.

modules_disabled

A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be loaded in an otherwise modular kernel. This toggle defaults to off (0), but can be set true (1). Once true, modules can be neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back to false. Generally used with the kexec_load_disabled toggle.

msgmax, msgmnb, and msgmni

msgmax is the maximum size of an IPC message, in bytes. 8192 by default (MSGMAX).

msgmnb is the maximum size of an IPC queue, in bytes. 16384 by default (MSGMNB).

msgmni is the maximum number of IPC queues. 32000 by default (MSGMNI).

All of these parameters are set per ipc namespace. The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues is limited by RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE. This limit is respected hierarchically in the each user namespace.

msg_next_id, sem_next_id, and shm_next_id (System V IPC)

These three toggles allows to specify desired id for next allocated IPC object: message, semaphore or shared memory respectively.

By default they are equal to -1, which means generic allocation logic. Possible values to set are in range {0:INT_MAX}.

Notes:

  1. kernel doesn’t guarantee, that new object will have desired id. So, it’s up to userspace, how to handle an object with “wrong” id.

  2. Toggle with non-default value will be set back to -1 by kernel after successful IPC object allocation. If an IPC object allocation syscall fails, it is undefined if the value remains unmodified or is reset to -1.

ngroups_max

Maximum number of supplementary groups, _i.e._ the maximum size which setgroups will accept. Exports NGROUPS_MAX from the kernel.

nmi_watchdog

This parameter can be used to control the NMI watchdog (i.e. the hard lockup detector) on x86 systems.

0

Disable the hard lockup detector.

1

Enable the hard lockup detector.

The hard lockup detector monitors each CPU for its ability to respond to timer interrupts. The mechanism utilizes CPU performance counter registers that are programmed to generate Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMIs) periodically while a CPU is busy. Hence, the alternative name ‘NMI watchdog’.

The NMI watchdog is disabled by default if the kernel is running as a guest in a KVM virtual machine. This default can be overridden by adding:

nmi_watchdog=1

to the guest kernel command line (see The kernel’s command-line parameters).

nmi_wd_lpm_factor (PPC only)

Factor to apply to the NMI watchdog timeout (only when nmi_watchdog is set to 1). This factor represents the percentage added to watchdog_thresh when calculating the NMI watchdog timeout during an LPM. The soft lockup timeout is not impacted.

A value of 0 means no change. The default value is 200 meaning the NMI watchdog is set to 30s (based on watchdog_thresh equal to 10).

numa_balancing

Enables/disables and configures automatic page fault based NUMA memory balancing. Memory is moved automatically to nodes that access it often. The value to set can be the result of ORing the following:

0

NUMA_BALANCING_DISABLED

1

NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL

2

NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING

Or NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL to optimize page placement among different NUMA nodes to reduce remote accessing. On NUMA machines, there is a performance penalty if remote memory is accessed by a CPU. When this feature is enabled the kernel samples what task thread is accessing memory by periodically unmapping pages and later trapping a page fault. At the time of the page fault, it is determined if the data being accessed should be migrated to a local memory node.

The unmapping of pages and trapping faults incur additional overhead that ideally is offset by improved memory locality but there is no universal guarantee. If the target workload is already bound to NUMA nodes then this feature should be disabled.

Or NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING to optimize page placement among different types of memory (represented as different NUMA nodes) to place the hot pages in the fast memory. This is implemented based on unmapping and page fault too.

numa_balancing_promote_rate_limit_MBps

Too high promotion/demotion throughput between different memory types may hurt application latency. This can be used to rate limit the promotion throughput. The per-node max promotion throughput in MB/s will be limited to be no more than the set value.

A rule of thumb is to set this to less than 1/10 of the PMEM node write bandwidth.

oops_all_cpu_backtrace

If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump their backtraces when an oops event occurs. It should be used as a last resort in case a panic cannot be triggered (to protect VMs running, for example) or kdump can’t be collected. This file shows up if CONFIG_SMP is enabled.

0: Won’t show all CPUs backtraces when an oops is detected. This is the default behavior.

1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when an oops event is detected.

oops_limit

Number of kernel oopses after which the kernel should panic when panic_on_oops is not set. Setting this to 0 disables checking the count. Setting this to 1 has the same effect as setting panic_on_oops=1. The default value is 10000.

osrelease, ostype & version

# cat osrelease
2.1.88
# cat ostype
Linux
# cat version
#5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998

The files osrelease and ostype should be clear enough. version needs a little more clarification however. The ‘#5’ means that this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built. The only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel :-)

overflowgid & overflowuid

if your architecture did not always support 32-bit UIDs (i.e. arm, i386, m68k, sh, and sparc32), a fixed UID and GID will be returned to applications that use the old 16-bit UID/GID system calls, if the actual UID or GID would exceed 65535.

These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID. The default is 65534.

panic

The value in this file determines the behaviour of the kernel on a panic:

  • if zero, the kernel will loop forever;

  • if negative, the kernel will reboot immediately;

  • if positive, the kernel will reboot after the corresponding number of seconds.

When you use the software watchdog, the recommended setting is 60.

panic_on_io_nmi

Controls the kernel’s behavior when a CPU receives an NMI caused by an IO error.

0

Try to continue operation (default).

1

Panic immediately. The IO error triggered an NMI. This indicates a serious system condition which could result in IO data corruption. Rather than continuing, panicking might be a better choice. Some servers issue this sort of NMI when the dump button is pushed, and you can use this option to take a crash dump.

panic_on_oops

Controls the kernel’s behaviour when an oops or BUG is encountered.

0

Try to continue operation.

1

Panic immediately. If the panic sysctl is also non-zero then the machine will be rebooted.

panic_on_stackoverflow

Controls the kernel’s behavior when detecting the overflows of kernel, IRQ and exception stacks except a user stack. This file shows up if CONFIG_DEBUG_STACKOVERFLOW is enabled.

0

Try to continue operation.

1

Panic immediately.

panic_on_unrecovered_nmi

The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of either memory or unknown is to continue operation. For many environments such as scientific computing it is preferable that the box is taken out and the error dealt with than an uncorrected parity/ECC error get propagated.

A small number of systems do generate NMIs for bizarre random reasons such as power management so the default is off. That sysctl works like the existing panic controls already in that directory.

panic_on_warn

Calls panic() in the WARN() path when set to 1. This is useful to avoid a kernel rebuild when attempting to kdump at the location of a WARN().

0

Only WARN(), default behaviour.

1

Call panic() after printing out WARN() location.

panic_print

Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens. User can chose combination of the following bits:

bit 0

print all tasks info

bit 1

print system memory info

bit 2

print timer info

bit 3

print locks info if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is on

bit 4

print ftrace buffer

bit 5

print all printk messages in buffer

bit 6

print all CPUs backtrace (if available in the arch)

bit 7

print only tasks in uninterruptible (blocked) state

So for example to print tasks and memory info on panic, user can:

echo 3 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_print

panic_on_rcu_stall

When set to 1, calls panic() after RCU stall detection messages. This is useful to define the root cause of RCU stalls using a vmcore.

0

Do not panic() when RCU stall takes place, default behavior.

1

panic() after printing RCU stall messages.

max_rcu_stall_to_panic

When panic_on_rcu_stall is set to 1, this value determines the number of times that RCU can stall before panic() is called.

When panic_on_rcu_stall is set to 0, this value is has no effect.

perf_cpu_time_max_percent

Hints to the kernel how much CPU time it should be allowed to use to handle perf sampling events. If the perf subsystem is informed that its samples are exceeding this limit, it will drop its sampling frequency to attempt to reduce its CPU usage.

Some perf sampling happens in NMIs. If these samples unexpectedly take too long to execute, the NMIs can become stacked up next to each other so much that nothing else is allowed to execute.

0

Disable the mechanism. Do not monitor or correct perf’s sampling rate no matter how CPU time it takes.

1-100

Attempt to throttle perf’s sample rate to this percentage of CPU. Note: the kernel calculates an “expected” length of each sample event. 100 here means 100% of that expected length. Even if this is set to 100, you may still see sample throttling if this length is exceeded. Set to 0 if you truly do not care how much CPU is consumed.

perf_event_paranoid

Controls use of the performance events system by unprivileged users (without CAP_PERFMON). The default value is 2.

For backward compatibility reasons access to system performance monitoring and observability remains open for CAP_SYS_ADMIN privileged processes but CAP_SYS_ADMIN usage for secure system performance monitoring and observability operations is discouraged with respect to CAP_PERFMON use cases.

-1

Allow use of (almost) all events by all users.

Ignore mlock limit after perf_event_mlock_kb without CAP_IPC_LOCK.

>=0

Disallow ftrace function tracepoint by users without CAP_PERFMON.

Disallow raw tracepoint access by users without CAP_PERFMON.

>=1

Disallow CPU event access by users without CAP_PERFMON.

>=2

Disallow kernel profiling by users without CAP_PERFMON.

perf_event_max_stack

Controls maximum number of stack frames to copy for (attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) configured events, for instance, when using ‘perf record -g’ or ‘perf trace --call-graph fp’.

This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return -EBUSY.

The default value is 127.

perf_event_mlock_kb

Control size of per-cpu ring buffer not counted against mlock limit.

The default value is 512 + 1 page

perf_event_max_contexts_per_stack

Controls maximum number of stack frame context entries for (attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) configured events, for instance, when using ‘perf record -g’ or ‘perf trace --call-graph fp’.

This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return -EBUSY.

The default value is 8.

perf_user_access (arm64 and riscv only)

Controls user space access for reading perf event counters.

arm64

The default value is 0 (access disabled).

When set to 1, user space can read performance monitor counter registers directly.

See Perf for more information.

riscv

When set to 0, user space access is disabled.

The default value is 1, user space can read performance monitor counter registers through perf, any direct access without perf intervention will trigger an illegal instruction.

When set to 2, which enables legacy mode (user space has direct access to cycle and insret CSRs only). Note that this legacy value is deprecated and will be removed once all user space applications are fixed.

Note that the time CSR is always directly accessible to all modes.

pid_max

PID allocation wrap value. When the kernel’s next PID value reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value. PIDs of value pid_max or larger are not allocated.

ns_last_pid

The last pid allocated in the current (the one task using this sysctl lives in) pid namespace. When selecting a pid for a next task on fork kernel tries to allocate a number starting from this one.

powersave-nap (PPC only)

If set, Linux-PPC will use the ‘nap’ mode of powersaving, otherwise the ‘doze’ mode will be used.

printk

The four values in printk denote: console_loglevel, default_message_loglevel, minimum_console_loglevel and default_console_loglevel respectively.

These values influence printk() behavior when printing or logging error messages. See ‘man 2 syslog’ for more info on the different loglevels.

console_loglevel

messages with a higher priority than this will be printed to the console

default_message_loglevel

messages without an explicit priority will be printed with this priority

minimum_console_loglevel

minimum (highest) value to which console_loglevel can be set

default_console_loglevel

default value for console_loglevel

printk_delay

Delay each printk message in printk_delay milliseconds

Value from 0 - 10000 is allowed.

printk_ratelimit

Some warning messages are rate limited. printk_ratelimit specifies the minimum length of time between these messages (in seconds). The default value is 5 seconds.

A value of 0 will disable rate limiting.

printk_ratelimit_burst

While long term we enforce one message per printk_ratelimit seconds, we do allow a burst of messages to pass through. printk_ratelimit_burst specifies the number of messages we can send before ratelimiting kicks in.

The default value is 10 messages.

printk_devkmsg

Control the logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace:

ratelimit

default, ratelimited

on

unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace

off

logging to /dev/kmsg disabled

The kernel command line parameter printk.devkmsg= overrides this and is a one-time setting until next reboot: once set, it cannot be changed by this sysctl interface anymore.

pty

See The Devpts Filesystem.

random

This is a directory, with the following entries:

  • boot_id: a UUID generated the first time this is retrieved, and unvarying after that;

  • uuid: a UUID generated every time this is retrieved (this can thus be used to generate UUIDs at will);

  • entropy_avail: the pool’s entropy count, in bits;

  • poolsize: the entropy pool size, in bits;

  • urandom_min_reseed_secs: obsolete (used to determine the minimum number of seconds between urandom pool reseeding). This file is writable for compatibility purposes, but writing to it has no effect on any RNG behavior;

  • write_wakeup_threshold: when the entropy count drops below this (as a number of bits), processes waiting to write to /dev/random are woken up. This file is writable for compatibility purposes, but writing to it has no effect on any RNG behavior.

randomize_va_space

This option can be used to select the type of process address space randomization that is used in the system, for architectures that support this feature.

0

Turn the process address space randomization off. This is the default for architectures that do not support this feature anyways, and kernels that are booted with the “norandmaps” parameter.

1

Make the addresses of mmap base, stack and VDSO page randomized. This, among other things, implies that shared libraries will be loaded to random addresses. Also for PIE-linked binaries, the location of code start is randomized. This is the default if the CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK option is enabled.

2

Additionally enable heap randomization. This is the default if CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK is disabled.

There are a few legacy applications out there (such as some ancient versions of libc.so.5 from 1996) that assume that brk area starts just after the end of the code+bss. These applications break when start of the brk area is randomized. There are however no known non-legacy applications that would be broken this way, so for most systems it is safe to choose full randomization.

Systems with ancient and/or broken binaries should be configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK enabled, which excludes the heap from process address space randomization.

real-root-dev

See Using the initial RAM disk (initrd).

reboot-cmd (SPARC only)

??? This seems to be a way to give an argument to the Sparc ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after rebooting. ???

sched_energy_aware

Enables/disables Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS). EAS starts automatically on platforms where it can run (that is, platforms with asymmetric CPU topologies and having an Energy Model available). If your platform happens to meet the requirements for EAS but you do not want to use it, change this value to 0. On Non-EAS platforms, write operation fails and read doesn’t return anything.

task_delayacct

Enables/disables task delay accounting (see Delay accounting. Enabling this feature incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler but is useful for debugging and performance tuning. It is required by some tools such as iotop.

sched_schedstats

Enables/disables scheduler statistics. Enabling this feature incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler but is useful for debugging and performance tuning.

sched_util_clamp_min

Max allowed minimum utilization.

Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.

It means that any requested uclamp.min value cannot be greater than sched_util_clamp_min, i.e., it is restricted to the range [0:sched_util_clamp_min].

sched_util_clamp_max

Max allowed maximum utilization.

Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.

It means that any requested uclamp.max value cannot be greater than sched_util_clamp_max, i.e., it is restricted to the range [0:sched_util_clamp_max].

sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default

By default Linux is tuned for performance. Which means that RT tasks always run at the highest frequency and most capable (highest capacity) CPU (in heterogeneous systems).

Uclamp achieves this by setting the requested uclamp.min of all RT tasks to 1024 by default, which effectively boosts the tasks to run at the highest frequency and biases them to run on the biggest CPU.

This knob allows admins to change the default behavior when uclamp is being used. In battery powered devices particularly, running at the maximum capacity and frequency will increase energy consumption and shorten the battery life.

This knob is only effective for RT tasks which the user hasn’t modified their requested uclamp.min value via sched_setattr() syscall.

This knob will not escape the range constraint imposed by sched_util_clamp_min defined above.

For example if

sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default = 800 sched_util_clamp_min = 600

Then the boost will be clamped to 600 because 800 is outside of the permissible range of [0:600]. This could happen for instance if a powersave mode will restrict all boosts temporarily by modifying sched_util_clamp_min. As soon as this restriction is lifted, the requested sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default will take effect.

seccomp

See Seccomp BPF (SECure COMPuting with filters).

sg-big-buff

This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer. You can’t tune it just yet, but you could change it on compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.

There shouldn’t be any reason to change this value. If you can come up with one, you probably know what you are doing anyway :)

shmall

This parameter sets the total amount of shared memory pages that can be used inside ipc namespace. The shared memory pages counting occurs for each ipc namespace separately and is not inherited. Hence, shmall should always be at least ceil(shmmax/PAGE_SIZE).

If you are not sure what the default PAGE_SIZE is on your Linux system, you can run the following command:

# getconf PAGE_SIZE

To reduce or disable the ability to allocate shared memory, you must create a new ipc namespace, set this parameter to the required value and prohibit the creation of a new ipc namespace in the current user namespace or cgroups can be used.

shmmax

This value can be used to query and set the run time limit on the maximum shared memory segment size that can be created. Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the kernel. This value defaults to SHMMAX.

shmmni

This value determines the maximum number of shared memory segments. 4096 by default (SHMMNI).

shm_rmid_forced

Linux lets you set resource limits, including how much memory one process can consume, via setrlimit(2). Unfortunately, shared memory segments are allowed to exist without association with any process, and thus might not be counted against any resource limits. If enabled, shared memory segments are automatically destroyed when their attach count becomes zero after a detach or a process termination. It will also destroy segments that were created, but never attached to, on exit from the process. The only use left for IPC_RMID is to immediately destroy an unattached segment. Of course, this breaks the way things are defined, so some applications might stop working. Note that this feature will do you no good unless you also configure your resource limits (in particular, RLIMIT_AS and RLIMIT_NPROC). Most systems don’t need this.

Note that if you change this from 0 to 1, already created segments without users and with a dead originative process will be destroyed.

sysctl_writes_strict

Control how file position affects the behavior of updating sysctl values via the /proc/sys interface:

-1

Legacy per-write sysctl value handling, with no printk warnings. Each write syscall must fully contain the sysctl value to be written, and multiple writes on the same sysctl file descriptor will rewrite the sysctl value, regardless of file position.

0

Same behavior as above, but warn about processes that perform writes to a sysctl file descriptor when the file position is not 0.

1

(default) Respect file position when writing sysctl strings. Multiple writes will append to the sysctl value buffer. Anything past the max length of the sysctl value buffer will be ignored. Writes to numeric sysctl entries must always be at file position 0 and the value must be fully contained in the buffer sent in the write syscall.

softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace

This value controls the soft lockup detector thread’s behavior when a soft lockup condition is detected as to whether or not to gather further debug information. If enabled, each cpu will be issued an NMI and instructed to capture stack trace.

This feature is only applicable for architectures which support NMI.

0

Do nothing. This is the default behavior.

1

On detection capture more debug information.

softlockup_panic

This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics when a soft lockup is detected.

0

Don’t panic on soft lockup.

1

Panic on soft lockup.

This can also be set using the softlockup_panic kernel parameter.

soft_watchdog

This parameter can be used to control the soft lockup detector.

0

Disable the soft lockup detector.

1

Enable the soft lockup detector.

The soft lockup detector monitors CPUs for threads that are hogging the CPUs without rescheduling voluntarily, and thus prevent the ‘migration/N’ threads from running, causing the watchdog work fail to execute. The mechanism depends on the CPUs ability to respond to timer interrupts which are needed for the watchdog work to be queued by the watchdog timer function, otherwise the NMI watchdog — if enabled — can detect a hard lockup condition.

split_lock_mitigate (x86 only)

On x86, each “split lock” imposes a system-wide performance penalty. On larger systems, large numbers of split locks from unprivileged users can result in denials of service to well-behaved and potentially more important users.

The kernel mitigates these bad users by detecting split locks and imposing penalties: forcing them to wait and only allowing one core to execute split locks at a time.

These mitigations can make those bad applications unbearably slow. Setting split_lock_mitigate=0 may restore some application performance, but will also increase system exposure to denial of service attacks from split lock users.

0

Disable the mitigation mode - just warns the split lock on kernel log and exposes the system to denials of service from the split lockers.

1

Enable the mitigation mode (this is the default) - penalizes the split lockers with intentional performance degradation.

stack_erasing

This parameter can be used to control kernel stack erasing at the end of syscalls for kernels built with CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STACKLEAK.

That erasing reduces the information which kernel stack leak bugs can reveal and blocks some uninitialized stack variable attacks. The tradeoff is the performance impact: on a single CPU system kernel compilation sees a 1% slowdown, other systems and workloads may vary.

0

Kernel stack erasing is disabled, STACKLEAK_METRICS are not updated.

1

Kernel stack erasing is enabled (default), it is performed before returning to the userspace at the end of syscalls.

stop-a (SPARC only)

Controls Stop-A:

0

Stop-A has no effect.

1

Stop-A breaks to the PROM (default).

Stop-A is always enabled on a panic, so that the user can return to the boot PROM.

sysrq

See Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks.

tainted

Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Numeric values, which can be ORed together. The letters are seen in “Tainted” line of Oops reports.

1

(P)

proprietary module was loaded

2

(F)

module was force loaded

4

(S)

kernel running on an out of specification system

8

(R)

module was force unloaded

16

(M)

processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)

32

(B)

bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags

64

(U)

taint requested by userspace application

128

(D)

kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG

256

(A)

an ACPI table was overridden by user

512

(W)

kernel issued warning

1024

(C)

staging driver was loaded

2048

(I)

workaround for bug in platform firmware applied

4096

(O)

externally-built (“out-of-tree”) module was loaded

8192

(E)

unsigned module was loaded

16384

(L)

soft lockup occurred

32768

(K)

kernel has been live patched

65536

(X)

Auxiliary taint, defined and used by for distros

131072

(T)

The kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin

See Tainted kernels for more information.

Note:

writes to this sysctl interface will fail with EINVAL if the kernel is booted with the command line option panic_on_taint=<bitmask>,nousertaint and any of the ORed together values being written to tainted match with the bitmask declared on panic_on_taint. See The kernel’s command-line parameters for more details on that particular kernel command line option and its optional nousertaint switch.

threads-max

This value controls the maximum number of threads that can be created using fork().

During initialization the kernel sets this value such that even if the maximum number of threads is created, the thread structures occupy only a part (1/8th) of the available RAM pages.

The minimum value that can be written to threads-max is 1.

The maximum value that can be written to threads-max is given by the constant FUTEX_TID_MASK (0x3fffffff).

If a value outside of this range is written to threads-max an EINVAL error occurs.

traceoff_on_warning

When set, disables tracing (see ftrace - Function Tracer) when a WARN() is hit.

tracepoint_printk

When tracepoints are sent to printk() (enabled by the tp_printk boot parameter), this entry provides runtime control:

echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk

will stop tracepoints from being sent to printk(), and:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk

will send them to printk() again.

This only works if the kernel was booted with tp_printk enabled.

See The kernel’s command-line parameters and Boot-time tracing.

unaligned-trap

On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this feature is supported (CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_ALLOW; currently, arc, parisc and loongarch), controls whether unaligned traps are caught and emulated (instead of failing).

0

Do not emulate unaligned accesses.

1

Emulate unaligned accesses. This is the default setting.

See also ignore-unaligned-usertrap.

unknown_nmi_panic

The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the value is non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At that time, kernel debugging information is displayed on console.

NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for example. If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.

unprivileged_bpf_disabled

Writing 1 to this entry will disable unprivileged calls to bpf(); once disabled, calling bpf() without CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_BPF will return -EPERM. Once set to 1, this can’t be cleared from the running kernel anymore.

Writing 2 to this entry will also disable unprivileged calls to bpf(), however, an admin can still change this setting later on, if needed, by writing 0 or 1 to this entry.

If BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF is enabled in the kernel config, then this entry will default to 2 instead of 0.

0

Unprivileged calls to bpf() are enabled

1

Unprivileged calls to bpf() are disabled without recovery

2

Unprivileged calls to bpf() are disabled

warn_limit

Number of kernel warnings after which the kernel should panic when panic_on_warn is not set. Setting this to 0 disables checking the warning count. Setting this to 1 has the same effect as setting panic_on_warn=1. The default value is 0.

watchdog

This parameter can be used to disable or enable the soft lockup detector and the NMI watchdog (i.e. the hard lockup detector) at the same time.

0

Disable both lockup detectors.

1

Enable both lockup detectors.

The soft lockup detector and the NMI watchdog can also be disabled or enabled individually, using the soft_watchdog and nmi_watchdog parameters. If the watchdog parameter is read, for example by executing:

cat /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog

the output of this command (0 or 1) shows the logical OR of soft_watchdog and nmi_watchdog.

watchdog_cpumask

This value can be used to control on which cpus the watchdog may run. The default cpumask is all possible cores, but if NO_HZ_FULL is enabled in the kernel config, and cores are specified with the nohz_full= boot argument, those cores are excluded by default. Offline cores can be included in this mask, and if the core is later brought online, the watchdog will be started based on the mask value.

Typically this value would only be touched in the nohz_full case to re-enable cores that by default were not running the watchdog, if a kernel lockup was suspected on those cores.

The argument value is the standard cpulist format for cpumasks, so for example to enable the watchdog on cores 0, 2, 3, and 4 you might say:

echo 0,2-4 > /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog_cpumask

watchdog_thresh

This value can be used to control the frequency of hrtimer and NMI events and the soft and hard lockup thresholds. The default threshold is 10 seconds.

The softlockup threshold is (2 * watchdog_thresh). Setting this tunable to zero will disable lockup detection altogether.