struct sk_buff

sk_buff is the main networking structure representing a packet.

Basic sk_buff geometry

struct sk_buff itself is a metadata structure and does not hold any packet data. All the data is held in associated buffers.

sk_buff.head points to the main “head” buffer. The head buffer is divided into two parts:

• data buffer, containing headers and sometimes payload; this is the part of the skb operated on by the common helpers such as skb_put() or skb_pull();

• shared info (struct skb_shared_info) which holds an array of pointers to read-only data in the (page, offset, length) format.

Optionally skb_shared_info.frag_list may point to another skb.

Basic diagram may look like this:

                                ---------------
                               | sk_buff       |
                                ---------------
   ,---------------------------  + head
  /          ,-----------------  + data
 /          /      ,-----------  + tail
|          |      |            , + end
|          |      |           |
v          v      v           v
 -----------------------------------------------
| headroom | data |  tailroom | skb_shared_info |
 -----------------------------------------------
                               + [page frag]
                               + [page frag]
                               + [page frag]
                               + [page frag]       ---------
                               + frag_list    --> | sk_buff |
                                                   ---------

Shared skbs and skb clones

sk_buff.users is a simple refcount allowing multiple entities to keep a struct sk_buff alive. skbs with a sk_buff.users != 1 are referred to as shared skbs (see skb_shared()).

skb_clone() allows for fast duplication of skbs. None of the data buffers get copied, but caller gets a new metadata struct (struct sk_buff). &skb_shared_info.refcount indicates the number of skbs pointing at the same packet data (i.e. clones).

dataref and headerless skbs

Transport layers send out clones of payload skbs they hold for retransmissions. To allow lower layers of the stack to prepend their headers we split skb_shared_info.dataref into two halves. The lower 16 bits count the overall number of references. The higher 16 bits indicate how many of the references are payload-only. skb_header_cloned() checks if skb is allowed to add / write the headers.

The creator of the skb (e.g. TCP) marks its skb as sk_buff.nohdr (via __skb_header_release()). Any clone created from marked skb will get sk_buff.hdr_len populated with the available headroom. If there’s the only clone in existence it’s able to modify the headroom at will. The sequence of calls inside the transport layer is:

<alloc skb>
skb_reserve()
__skb_header_release()
skb_clone()
// send the clone down the stack

This is not a very generic construct and it depends on the transport layers doing the right thing. In practice there’s usually only one payload-only skb. Having multiple payload-only skbs with different lengths of hdr_len is not possible. The payload-only skbs should never leave their owner.

Checksum information

The interface for checksum offload between the stack and networking drivers is as follows...

IP checksum related features

Drivers advertise checksum offload capabilities in the features of a device. From the stack’s point of view these are capabilities offered by the driver. A driver typically only advertises features that it is capable of offloading to its device.

Checksum related device features

NETIF_F_HW_CSUM	The driver (or its device) is able to compute one IP (one’s complement) checksum for any combination of protocols or protocol layering. The checksum is computed and set in a packet per the CHECKSUM_PARTIAL interface (see below).
NETIF_F_IP_CSUM	Driver (device) is only able to checksum plain TCP or UDP packets over IPv4. These are specifically unencapsulated packets of the form IPv4|TCP or IPv4|UDP where the Protocol field in the IPv4 header is TCP or UDP. The IPv4 header may contain IP options. This feature cannot be set in features for a device with NETIF_F_HW_CSUM also set. This feature is being DEPRECATED (see below).
NETIF_F_IPV6_CSUM	Driver (device) is only able to checksum plain TCP or UDP packets over IPv6. These are specifically unencapsulated packets of the form IPv6|TCP or IPv6|UDP where the Next Header field in the IPv6 header is either TCP or UDP. IPv6 extension headers are not supported with this feature. This feature cannot be set in features for a device with NETIF_F_HW_CSUM also set. This feature is being DEPRECATED (see below).
NETIF_F_RXCSUM	Driver (device) performs receive checksum offload. This flag is only used to disable the RX checksum feature for a device. The stack will accept receive checksum indication in packets received on a device regardless of whether NETIF_F_RXCSUM is set.

Checksumming of received packets by device

Indication of checksum verification is set in sk_buff.ip_summed. Possible values are:

• CHECKSUM_NONE

  Device did not checksum this packet e.g. due to lack of capabilities. The packet contains full (though not verified) checksum in packet but not in skb->csum. Thus, skb->csum is undefined in this case.

• CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY

  The hardware you’re dealing with doesn’t calculate the full checksum (as in CHECKSUM_COMPLETE), but it does parse headers and verify checksums for specific protocols. For such packets it will set CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY if their checksums are okay. sk_buff.csum is still undefined in this case though. A driver or device must never modify the checksum field in the packet even if checksum is verified.

  CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY is applicable to following protocols:

  • TCP: IPv6 and IPv4.

  • UDP: IPv4 and IPv6. A device may apply CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY to a zero UDP checksum for either IPv4 or IPv6, the networking stack may perform further validation in this case.

  • GRE: only if the checksum is present in the header.

  • SCTP: indicates the CRC in SCTP header has been validated.

  • FCOE: indicates the CRC in FC frame has been validated.

  sk_buff.csum_level indicates the number of consecutive checksums found in the packet minus one that have been verified as CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY. For instance if a device receives an IPv6->UDP->GRE->IPv4->TCP packet and a device is able to verify the checksums for UDP (possibly zero), GRE (checksum flag is set) and TCP, sk_buff.csum_level would be set to two. If the device were only able to verify the UDP checksum and not GRE, either because it doesn’t support GRE checksum or because GRE checksum is bad, skb->csum_level would be set to zero (TCP checksum is not considered in this case).

• CHECKSUM_COMPLETE

  This is the most generic way. The device supplied checksum of the _whole_ packet as seen by netif_rx() and fills in sk_buff.csum. This means the hardware doesn’t need to parse L3/L4 headers to implement this.

  Notes:

  • Even if device supports only some protocols, but is able to produce skb->csum, it MUST use CHECKSUM_COMPLETE, not CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY.

  • CHECKSUM_COMPLETE is not applicable to SCTP and FCoE protocols.

• CHECKSUM_PARTIAL

  A checksum is set up to be offloaded to a device as described in the output description for CHECKSUM_PARTIAL. This may occur on a packet received directly from another Linux OS, e.g., a virtualized Linux kernel on the same host, or it may be set in the input path in GRO or remote checksum offload. For the purposes of checksum verification, the checksum referred to by skb->csum_start + skb->csum_offset and any preceding checksums in the packet are considered verified. Any checksums in the packet that are after the checksum being offloaded are not considered to be verified.

Checksumming on transmit for non-GSO

The stack requests checksum offload in the sk_buff.ip_summed for a packet. Values are:

• CHECKSUM_PARTIAL

  The driver is required to checksum the packet as seen by hard_start_xmit() from sk_buff.csum_start up to the end, and to record/write the checksum at offset sk_buff.csum_start + sk_buff.csum_offset. A driver may verify that the csum_start and csum_offset values are valid values given the length and offset of the packet, but it should not attempt to validate that the checksum refers to a legitimate transport layer checksum -- it is the purview of the stack to validate that csum_start and csum_offset are set correctly.

  When the stack requests checksum offload for a packet, the driver MUST ensure that the checksum is set correctly. A driver can either offload the checksum calculation to the device, or call skb_checksum_help (in the case that the device does not support offload for a particular checksum).

  NETIF_F_IP_CSUM and NETIF_F_IPV6_CSUM are being deprecated in favor of NETIF_F_HW_CSUM. New devices should use NETIF_F_HW_CSUM to indicate checksum offload capability. skb_csum_hwoffload_help() can be called to resolve CHECKSUM_PARTIAL based on network device checksumming capabilities: if a packet does not match them, skb_checksum_help() or skb_crc32c_help() (depending on the value of sk_buff.csum_not_inet, see Non-IP checksum (CRC) offloads) is called to resolve the checksum.

• CHECKSUM_NONE

  The skb was already checksummed by the protocol, or a checksum is not required.

• CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY

  This has the same meaning as CHECKSUM_NONE for checksum offload on output.

• CHECKSUM_COMPLETE

  Not used in checksum output. If a driver observes a packet with this value set in skbuff, it should treat the packet as if CHECKSUM_NONE were set.

Non-IP checksum (CRC) offloads

NETIF_F_SCTP_CRC

This feature indicates that a device is capable of offloading the SCTP CRC in a packet. To perform this offload the stack will set csum_start and csum_offset accordingly, set ip_summed to CHECKSUM_PARTIAL and set csum_not_inet to 1, to provide an indication in the skbuff that the CHECKSUM_PARTIAL refers to CRC32c. A driver that supports both IP checksum offload and SCTP CRC32c offload must verify which offload is configured for a packet by testing the value of sk_buff.csum_not_inet; skb_crc32c_csum_help() is provided to resolve CHECKSUM_PARTIAL on skbs where csum_not_inet is set to 1.

NETIF_F_FCOE_CRC

This feature indicates that a device is capable of offloading the FCOE CRC in a packet. To perform this offload the stack will set ip_summed to CHECKSUM_PARTIAL and set csum_start and csum_offset accordingly. Note that there is no indication in the skbuff that the CHECKSUM_PARTIAL refers to an FCOE checksum, so a driver that supports both IP checksum offload and FCOE CRC offload must verify which offload is configured for a packet, presumably by inspecting packet headers.

Checksumming on output with GSO

In the case of a GSO packet (skb_is_gso() is true), checksum offload is implied by the SKB_GSO_* flags in gso_type. Most obviously, if the gso_type is SKB_GSO_TCPV4 or SKB_GSO_TCPV6, TCP checksum offload as part of the GSO operation is implied. If a checksum is being offloaded with GSO then ip_summed is CHECKSUM_PARTIAL, and both csum_start and csum_offset are set to refer to the outermost checksum being offloaded (two offloaded checksums are possible with UDP encapsulation).